你从未见过如此美丽的辐射喷射超大质量黑洞

螺旋星系梅西耶 106——又称 NGC 4258——是 这张由詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜 (JWST) 拍摄的新图像的主角。这个旋转的星系以其“星系烟火”而闻名,距离我们大约 2300 万光年,位于猎犬座。 

按宇宙的标准来说,它几乎可以说是地球的邻居。除了离我们自己的银河系螺旋星系很近之外,它也是最亮的星系之一。1981 年和 2014 年,在这个星系中探测到了两次超新星爆发。 

[相关:JWST 图像展示了 19 个螺旋星系的旋转臂。]

大多数螺旋星系的中心都潜伏着一个超大质量黑洞。梅西耶 106 也不例外,它拥有一个特别活跃的中心黑洞,正在积极吞噬物质。当这些气体螺旋式地向黑洞靠近时,它们会升温并喷射出强大的辐射。相比之下,银河系中心的黑洞只偶尔吸入一些气体。 

天文学家使用JWST 的近红外相机 (NIRCam) 捕捉到了这张图像。这是作为一项专门研究梅西耶 106 活动星系核的项目的一部分拍摄的。这个星系明亮的中心区域主要由落入黑洞的尘埃和气体发出的光所主导。JWST 最早的图像之一星系合集斯蒂芬五重星系,其中包括活动星系 NGC 7319。

在这张新图像中,蓝色区域显示了梅西耶 106 中心区域的恒星分布。橙色区域描绘了较暖的尘埃,而更强的红色色调则代表了较冷的尘埃。图像中心附近的青色、绿色和黄色色调显示了该区域内不同的气体分布。

Featured in this new image from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope is Messier 106, also known as NGC 4258. This is a nearby spiral galaxy that resides roughly 23 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici, practically a neighbour by cosmic standards. Messier 106 is one of the brightest and nearest spiral galaxies to our own and two supernovae have been observed in this galaxy in 1981 and 2014. At its heart, as in most spiral galaxies, is a supermassive black hole, but this one is particularly active. Unlike the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, which pulls in wisps of gas only occasionally, Messier 106’s black hole is actively gobbling up material. As the gas spirals towards the black hole, it heats up and emits powerful radiation. This image was captured with Webb’s Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam). This observation was taken as part of a dedicated programme to study the galaxy’s Active Galactic Nucleus, the galaxy’s bright central region that is dominated by the light emitted by dust and gas as it falls into the black hole. The blue regions in this image reflect stellar distribution throughout the central region of the galaxy. The orange regions indicate warmer dust and the stronger red hues represent colder dust. The teal, green and yellow tones near the centre of the image depict varying gas distributions throughout the region. The galaxy has a remarkable feature – it is known to have two “anomalous” extra arms visible in radio and X-ray wavelengths, rather than in the visible. Unlike the normal arms, these are composed of hot gas instead of stars. Astronomers believe these extra arms result from the black hole’s activity, a feedback effect seen in other galaxies as well. They are likely caused by outflowing material produced by the violent churning of gas around the black hole, creating a phenomenon analogous to a wave crashing up out of the ocean when it hits a rock near the shore. Despite carrying his name, Mes
梅西耶 106 距地球约 2300 万光年,位于猎犬座。来源:ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, J. Glenn ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, J. Glenn

据欧洲航天局 (ESA) 称,该星系还有一个显著的特征——两条“异常”的额外星系臂,它们在射电和 X 射线波长下可见,而不是在可见光的光谱中可见。 

“与普通星系臂不同,这些星系臂由热气体组成,而不是恒星。天文学家认为,这些额外的星系臂是黑洞活动的结果,这是在其他星系中也能看到的反馈效应,”欧洲航天局在一份声明中写道。“它们很可能是由黑洞周围物质剧烈搅动产生的流出物质造成的,这种现象类似于海浪撞击近岸的岩石时拍打出海面的波浪。”

[相关:椭圆星系可能只是螺旋星系被剥掉了星系臂。]

尽管该星系以著名的 18 世纪天文学家查尔斯·梅西耶的名字命名,但他从未观测过它。它是他的助手皮埃尔·梅尚发现的,但在梅西耶生前从未编目。梅西耶 106 与这对搭档发现但未记录的另外六个天体一起,在 20 世纪被追授添加到梅西耶星表中。 

2023 年,梅西耶 87 成为首个通过 AI 增强的黑洞图像,该望远镜还拍摄了“肥美”的涡旋星系梅西耶 51 的恒星图像。 

 

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